3, pp. 28, No. Apart from its world-renowned rubies, Myanmar has produced several other interesting gemstone materials. Mine workers dig at the ruby mine site in Mogok, about 200 kilometres north of Mandalay. 1-7, (1915). … 82, pp. Myanmar reportedly produces more than 80% of the world’s rubies, but thanks to decades of isolation under the former junta and restrictions on access for foreigners to mining areas like Mogok, the trade remains opaque and mired in controversy. Often referred to as the ‘Mogok Stone Tract’ (La Touche 1913; Fermor 1931; Chhibber 1934; Iyer 1953), this gem-rich area is located within the central part of the Mogok Metamorphic Belt. Period of the third lease, generally profitable (except 1909). 2976, pp. During the colonial period, Britain leased out the mines to an ill-fated London syndicate (the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd.); since independence in 1948, the Burmese government has kept a tight rein on the mines. 1, pp. 812-824, (1901). 17, No. 22, pp. 708-712, (1929). 2, pp. Dr. James Shigley is a distinguished research fellow at the Gemological Institute of America in Carlsbad, California. Meen, Lapidary Journal, Vol. Regarding the GIA library’s holdings and on-site access, please contact the GIA library in Carlsbad. Gemstones Formed by Low-Pressure Regional Metamorphism: The Ruby Deposits of Mogok, Burma, P.C. 213-227, (1900). 8, pp. 26-31, (1908).   58, No. 5-8, (1992). A short report on the operations of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. 246-250, (1824). 94-100, (2011). A description of traveling to Mogok to visit the ruby mines is presented, along with a discussion of distinguishing ruby from synthetic and imitation materials and the difficulties of the mining operations. 657-658, (1911). 7, No. Mine workers dig at the ruby mine site in Mogok, about 200 kilometres north of Mandalay. Myanmar reportedly produces more than 80% of the world’s rubies, but thanks to decades of isolation under the former junta and restrictions on access for foreigners to mining areas like Mogok, the trade remains opaque and mired in controversy. In 2008 Congress passed the Tom Lantos JADE act, banning the importation of Burmese rubies and other precious gems into the US in reaction to the military regime’s numerous human rights violations. While the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, with right investment environment Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel … A report of a trip to the gem-mining areas of the country is provided by the author. 8, pp. Many nations have imposed strict sanctions on the country since then, and any reversal of the Jade Act seems highly unlikely. 425-430, (1906). 1897–1904. A historical study of the British conquest of Burma in the late 1880s. The country accounts for most of global jade and ruby production. 9, No. Long-term residents of Myanmar’s ruby mining centre will be offered licences to mine for the precious stones, according to the Mandalay Region minister for forestry and mining, U Than Soe Myint. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. Many ruby crystals have dark bluish interiors which turn red when heat treatments are applied. Mogok or Moegote as it is often called by the locals is a charming city nestled in a green mountain valley 200km/ 5hr drive north of Mandalay. Gem Mining in Burma. Stones lighter than this are called pink sapphire. The rubies from Myanmar come from two major sources: the legendary Mogôk Valley–located some 400 miles north of Myanmar’s capital Yangon, and Möng Hsu–located in Myanmar’s Shan State, bordering China, Laos, and Thailand. 5, pp. 4, pp. 16, No. Field, Canadian Gemmologist, Vol. The Ruby Mines of Mogok, Burma, D.L. 365-368, (1897). 1, pp. 197-238, (1896). 2, No. 49, No. When the government nationalized the mines in 1969, smuggling became rampant. 125-133, (1913). A book that contains a short chapter on the mines in the vicinity of Mogok, including the workings of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. Rubies and the Ruby Mines of Mogok, G.L. In the 1960s, a military coup destabilized Burma, and the country’s borders were closed. 12 (Geology and Economic Mineralogy), pp. Some of these have a rich red hue … Account of Mr. [John] Crawford’s Mission to Ava, Author unknown, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, Vol. 4, No. 166, pp. The article presents a description of the marketplace in Mogok where rubies were bought and sold. 3-31, (1957). The Ruby Mines of Burma, Author unknown, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. Synthetic Rubies and Ruby Treatments Like emeralds , almost all rubies have some type of imperfection, which helps in identifying synthetics. The Mogok Stone Tract is, however, also an important source of other gemstones such as sapphire, spinel, peridot, spessartine, zircon, topaz and many others. The geological setting and ruby mining operations around Mogok are summarized. 4, pp. 29-31, (1904). 139-154 and the Asiatic Quarterly Review, Vol. 329-340, (1933). There isn’t a great deal of fine quality rubies coming out of Burma right now. While some suggested that the development of synthetic rubies would make the mining of natural rubies less profitable, this author reported that the British operators of the mining licenses around Mogok were expending large sums of money to further develop the mining operations. Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar's “land of rubies”. The area was annexed by the British in 1866, who granted sole rights to mine the area to Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. 11, No. Status of Ruby and Sapphire Mining in the Mogok Stone Tract, R.E. A wide view of a ruby mining operation in the Mogok Valley region. Historically, gems have been extracted from alluvial fields, limestone caves, open trenches in hillsides, and tunnels in host rock. The color comes from traces of chromium. Adams, Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, No. It also reviews efforts made to pacify the countryside and its people. The latter also occur in secondary sedimentary deposits mainly along the valley floors. Natural, untreated Mogok rubies of fine colour can be valued at $80,000 per carat, according to the Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. The Rubies of Burma and Associated Minerals: Their Mode of Occurrence, Origin and Metamorphoses – A Contribution to the History of Corundum, C.B. 151-228, (1896). There are records of mining Burmese rubies that go back over 5 centuries. 14, pp. A popular account of a visit to the Mogok Stone Tract in the late 1800s. Mining is carried out in open pits and underground tunnels. Today, these mines are virtually depleted, sending the price of prized Burmese rubies sky high. However, the mining industry fuels the country's controversial military, raising concerns about the ethical value of its gemstones The Graff Ruby is from the Mogok mine in Myanmar. Photo: EPA. In 1886, Mogok came under control of the British “Burma Ruby Mines Ltd”. A book that presents summaries of the mining operations for various minerals and ores, and includes a chapter on the ruby mines of Burma that describes the history of the area and the mining methods used to locate rubies. The Burma Ruby Mines, A. Williams, “The Romance of Mining,” Chap. A brief report that presents a summary of the mineral resources of the country. Kunz (1915) mentions a Burmese legend from the ruby mines: According to this legend, in the first century of our era three eggs were laid by a female naga, or serpent; out of the first was born Pyusawti, a king of Pagan; out of the second came an Emperor of China, and out of the third were emitted the rubies of the Ruby Mines. 9, pp. Rubies from Möng Hsu differ in several key respects from Mogôk stones. 31-34, (1936). 358-366, (1905). 418–422 and No. Period of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd first lease, with a profit shown only during 1895–1896 (Brown, 1927). Gem Mining in Burma. Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar's “land of rubies”. The list is presented in chronological order to emphasize the development of ideas over time. In the 1960s General Ne Win revoked all foreign licenses and for a modest fee locals were free to mine. MINING METHODS Since the 15th century, the Mogok area of Myanmar has been known as a major source of rubies and other gems (Iyer 1953). Among other characteristics, they are usually color zoned . All other color varieties of gem-quality corundum are referred to as sapphire. https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/luxury/is-the-burmese- Though the government has not allowed for foreign investment into jade and ruby mine, Myanmar has the potential to attract large scale foreign participation in the exploration and extraction of metals, ores and industrial minerals, especially copper, tin, tungsten, nickel and gold. The Mogok Stone Tract has produced spinel, apatite, scapolite, moonstone, zircon, garnet, iolite and amethyst gemstones. City Built on Rubies, W.G. Most gemological authorities expect a medium to medium dark-red color tone in a ruby. “Gems and Mines of Mogok,” T. Themelis, 352 pp., (2008). 19, No. The Burma Ruby Mines, A. Williams, “The Romance of Mining”, Chap. The following article is reprinted by kind permission of Gems & Gemology, in which the original appeared, Spring 1957 (Volume IX, Number 1). 410-423 (the latter reprinted in Littell’s Living Age, Vol.67, No. Military personnel and their families are also reportedly among the largest licence-holders for mining jade and other However, large-scale alluvial mining is now a thing of the past. Rock Talk – A Mogok Geology Primer, W. Atichat and R.W. Official exports of rubies from the country are valued at over $87.4 million while the undocumented exports are possibly more. Rubies from Mogok in Myanmar (Burma) have been prized throughout history. R.C. 1, pp. 11, No. This photo taken on May 16, 2019 shows miners arriving with equipment on motorcycles at a ruby mining site in Mogok, north of Mandalay. 42-58, (1922). Photographs from the Field – The Ruby Mines of Mogok, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. Several photos of the ruby mines are shown in this publication. These mines were famous for producing about 90 percent of all pigeon blood rubies. Mogok and other villages in the region have been famous since ancient times for their precious gem stones. A number of the articles were published in the 1800s and early 1900s – when many classical gem deposits of historical importance were discovered – and gemology and mineralogy became sciences. Many of the rubies found at the Montepuez mine have similar qualities to that of the well-known Burmese ruby. The authors of this article give the first detailed geological description of the occurrence of rubies and other minerals in Upper Burma. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. A two-part article that describes the ruby mining around Mogok based on a visit by the author. Abstracts of these articles can usually be found on the website of the original journal or magazine, and the article itself is often available for purchase from the publisher. The group has already conducted a field study and met with people in Mogok, the heart of ruby mining in Myanmar, said U Tin Aung, head of the committee and Chan Mya Tharsi Township Regional MP. d’Amato, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. This article reviews the occurrence of gem rubies, as well as the history and mining of rubies around Mogok. 442-454, and No. It comes under the same umbrella as his parent's company, popular Myanmar … Thailand buys the majority of Myanmar's gems. ... Myanmar Imperial Jade Company and Myanmar Ruby Enterprise. 1905–1912. Historically, gems have been extracted from alluvial fields, limestone caves, open trenches in hillsides, and tunnels in host rock. 141-163, (1988). 79-82, (1924). These two articles are a summary of an American Consular Report on the ruby mines near Mogok. The Ruby Mines of Burmah, Author unknown, Chambers’s Journal, Vol. 19-26, (1977). GIA is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. Streeter, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 90% of the world’s rubies come from Mogok including the much-coveted “pigeon blood” ruby. Graham, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol. Where Rubies are Pebbles, F. Thatcher, The World To-Day, Vol. 161-175, (1897). The very best color in Myanmar rubies is sometimes described as “pigeon’s blood.” In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world’s main ruby mining area. Ruby Dragon Mining Division is fully committed to having a sustainable mining operation by reducing the environmental footprints; to having a good governance of natural resources in order to establish a long-lasting relationships with the local people; and to work with integrity in making sure that the safety of every staff is the priority on site. This report describes a resurgence of mining activity in the Mogok area following several decades of limited gem production. Im Tal der Rubin - Die Rubin-Lagerstatten von Mogok in Burma [In the Valley of Rubies – The Ruby Mines of Mogok in Burma], E.J. A short report on the operations of the Burma Ruby Mines Ltd. 57-70, (1909). 812-824, (1901). 99, No. This article presents a geologic description of the gem deposits near Mogok. 8-100, (1953). The very best color in Myanmar rubies is sometimes described as “pigeon’s blood.” In central Myanmar, the area of Mong Hsu began producing rubies during the 1990s and rapidly became the world’s main ruby mining area. Myanmar’s mining sector is closely linked to its evolving economy and shifting political landscape. 12, pp. 5, (17 February), pp. In Pakistani Kashmir there are vast proven reserves of millions of rubies, worth up to half a billion dollars. Tiffany’s purchased the entire Cowee Valley in the 1890’s, and then two other companies, American Prospecting & Mining Co. and US Ruby Mining Co., also began work hoping to find the source of the extremely high grade rubies and sapphires found within the corundum mines. 3, pp. Ruby Mining in Burmah, Author unknown, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 10-25, (1828). Similar articles by the same author were published in 1889 in the Revue Britannique, pp. These two articles by J.F. 46-50, (2013). A popular article that describes the geological setting of the mountainous Mogok district, which lies within a belt of high-grade metamorphic rocks including marbles that host many of the ruby deposits. 11, pp. These include Sagyin, Thabeitkyin, Naniazeik, Mogok and, most recently, Möng Hsu. Kammerling, Gems & Gemology, Vol. Myanmar law allows foreign investors to enter joint ventures with … 1, pp. 90% of the world’s rubies come from Myanmar and … Brown, Mining Magazine, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 358-366, (1905). The author describes the location, geologic setting and mining of ruby in the Mogok Stone Tract, and he summarizes the gemological features of Mogok ruby. 12, No. George, Burma Gazetteer, Vol. 15, No. In 1996, after the success of the Mong Hsu Ruby mine, Ruby Dragon expanded into jade mining … 2651, pp. The list is not comprehensive, but a compilation of the some interesting gemological information that has often been forgotten or overlooked. Conquest and Concession: The Case of the Burma Ruby Mines, R.V. 3-40, (1994). A historical study of the acquisition of the legendary ruby mines by British investors in the late 1880s. The rubies of Myanmar are found in metamorphic rocks. However, recent movements by the Myanmar military against the Rohingya ethnic group of Muslims to expel them from the country has turned violent. 8, No. Burrowing deep underground, thousands of informal miners risk their lives to find gleaming red gems as a law change spurs opportunity in Myanmar's “land of rubies”. Duarte, Jewelers' Circular Weekly, Vol. 545-556, (1911). 66, pp. Scott, "Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States," Vol. Myanmar has diverse and largely untapped geological resources which will make mining a significant driver of the country’s economic development in the years to come. The Ruby Mines, J.G. Streeter, Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Vol. Gübelin, A.A. Levinson, Journal of Gemmology, Vol. “The ruby mines are getting deeper and deeper, so now we must use 20 men for the work that formerly 10 men could do,” said Dr U Kyaw Khine, the director of the Kyaw Win Tun Gem Company. Richard T. Liddicoat Gemological Library and Information Center 297-318, (1927). Several photographs of the area are shown. The article describes the British military advance on the Mogok Stone Tract and provides details on the topography, geology and inhabitants of the region involved in the mining of ruby and other gem minerals. City Built on Rubies, W.G. 1003-1025, (2000). Bird, "Wanderings in Burma," pp. It has significant reserves of metallic minerals (such as gold, copper, and 66, pp. 38, No. Calhoun, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. The demand for Burmese rubies has existed for centuries. Notes on a Visit to the Burma Ruby Mines, R.R. 4, pp. Memorandum on the Metals and Minerals of Upper Burma, G.A. 288-289, (1915). GIA World Headquarters Spaulding, Gems & Gemology, Vol. The Ruby Mines of Burma, G.S. “Ruby and Sapphire,” R.W. Dans la Vallee des Rubis: Les Gisements de Rubis de Mogok en Myanmar [In the Valley of Rubies: The Ruby Deposits of Mogok in Myanmar], E.J. 20, No. Search GIA's library catalog of 57,000 books, 1,800 videos, 700 periodicals, and the renowned Cartier Rare Book Repository and Archive. 724, pp. Myanmar is the only source of Jadeite Jade and the only source of Imperial Jadeite in the world. A City Built on Rubies: The Marvelous Mines of Mogok, Author unknown, Appleton's Booklover's Magazine, Vol. The most recently found ruby deposit in Myanmar is in Namya (Namyazeik) located in the northern state of Kachin. Hlaing, Australian Gemmologist, Vol. Small-scale mining continues, but it is slow and expensive, and ruby production throughout the country has gradually declined. A brief look at the route gemstones take from mines to market in Burma (Myanmar), starting in the Mountains of Mogok and finishing at the Thai border. All rights reserved. 1, Chap. 5, pp. The Burma Ruby Mines, A. Williams, “The Romance of Mining,” Chap. 3, pp. (Photo by Ye Aung Thu/AFP Photo) This photo taken … 6, pp. Judd, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, Vol. Most of the alluvial … Most famous is the Mogok Stone Tract, which has remained the world's … 12, pp. The kidnapping on Friday of a local business owner in the ruby-mining town of Mogok was just the latest incident of its kind in a region increasingly wracked by both armed conflict and crime. This report of a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Ava contains a brief description of the ruby and sapphire mines. 3, No. Gübelin, Revue de Gemmologie a.f.g., No. A book that presents summaries of the mining operations for various minerals and ores, and includes a chapter on the ruby mines of Burma that describes the history of the area and the mining … The Upper Burma Ruby Regulation of 1887, U.T. The author of this book provides a historical account of the Mogok Stone Tract and a detailed description of ruby from Myanmar. Higher in value than sapphires or emeralds, and often more valuable than diamonds, the most coveted rubies have traditionally emerged from the ancient Mogok mines in Upper Burma, or Myanmar. 1, pp. 22, pp. 1, pp. 2, pp. 746-757, (1962). 56, Pt. RUBY MINING IN BURMA (MYANMAR) : Corundum has been found in a number of different areas of Burma. 22, pp. 23, No. Mogôk ruby production and trade all but ceased for a time, although large quantities of stones were smuggled out of the country and sold in Thailand. The Great Corundums - Part II: The Pigeon-Blood Rubies of Burma, D.S.M. The article presents an account of a visit to the mining operations at Mogok, and includes a number of historical photographs of the area. This differs from the deep deposits in Myanmar, which was traditionally where the world sourced its rubies. 152-174, (1992). 70, No. Gem Mining in Burma, M. Ehrmann, Gems & Gemology, Vol. 7, p. 187, (1900). MOGOK, Myanmar -- When the world hears about Mogok, it usually concerns some hefty ruby unearthed in the region and auctioned for millions of dollars -- … The Ruby Mines of Upper Burma, Mrs. H.C. Paget, Cornhill Magazine, Vol. 166-167, (1887). 602, pp. Civitello has visited Myanmar several times to study its gemstone mines, particularly the one in Mogok, the renowned “Valley of Rubies” and source of … 341-348, (2008). Although the discovery of rubies in the Mogôk Valley is shrouded in myth, experts believe that the area has been mined for at least a millennium. In the 1990s, the Möng Hsu ruby deposit was developed and became one of the world’s greatest suppliers of, rubies. 5345 Armada Drive This reading list was compiled to give you an opportunity to learn more about the history of ruby mining in Burma. Although not as productive as large-scale production, they proved to be more cost-effective and sustainable. A book that contains a brief summary of the ruby mines, which came under British control in the mid-1880s. No doubt the first humans to settle the area found rubies and spinels in the rivers and streams. 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